Caribou Intro and Downhill Ski Areas

Where we live

We have moved to the "Alaska of the Lower 48", Northern Maine! First, a bit about the area. Caribou is in the far northeast part of the state, in Aroostook County (known simply as "The County"), the largest county east of the Mississippi and about the size of Connecticut and Rhode Island combined. The population of the county is only about 70,000. Caribou and Presque Isle (about 20 minutes apart) have a combined population of about 17,000. This part of The County is a narrow strip of potato and broccoli fields surrounding by lots of woods. There are rolling hills, with the larger mountains about two hours away.

Caribou Climate...Click to Enlarge

Caribou actually averages quite a bit more snow (116") than where I came from (Anchorage: 70"). Although it can rain in the middle of winter in Caribou, it is unusual, and the Caribou area gets less mid-winter thaws than the rest of New England. Although the cross county skiing and snowmobiling in this part of the state is the best you can find anywhere, in this post I'll give a summary of the region's ski areas in the form of Google Earth eye candy!

Downhill Ski Areas within 90 Minutes

Quoggy Jo Ski Center, just 5 minutes from Presque Isle, but an extremely small hill

Lonesome Pine Trails, about 70 minutes away. A small hill.

Mont Farlagne, just across the border in Quebec and about 70 minutes away

Bigrock Ski Area, about 20 minutes from Presque Isle, where I have a season pass (just $200)

Downhill Ski Areas 2-4 Hours Away
(close enough for a day trip)

Crabbe Mountain, across the border in New Brunswick and about 2 hours away

Mont Comi, about 4 hours away and near the Gulf of St Lawrence

Tiny Mont Biencort, about 3 hours away in Quebec

Downhill Ski Areas 6-7 Hours Away in Quebec

(too far for a day trip, but a nice place for a getaway)

Le Relais

Stoneham

Mont Saint Anne

Le Massif

Mont Grand Fonds

Chic Chocs. Not a downhill ski area, but the best backcountry skiing anywhere in the East.

Another view of the Chic Chocs

There are several large ski areas in Western Maine 4-7 hours away, but I didn't include them in this post since pretty much everyone already knows about them.

Google Earth Builder and the National Weather Service

In addition to being passionate about meteorology (and my wife of course), I am also passionate about geography and maps. Meteorology and geography are intertwined. Not much varies more over space and time than does weather. I feel more could be done in my organization, the National Weather Service, to serve our data internally and to the public through maps to help fulfill our mission of protecting life and property and enhance decision support. That's why the National Weather Service should be investigating "Google Earth Builder", coming out this fall.

ESRI
Before I get into Google Earth Builder, let me outline what the NWS (and geography professionals generally use) to make maps. A company named "ESRI" essentially has had a monopoly in the geospatial industry for very long now. If not a monopoly, a strong dominance. The software does a lot...pretty much all you could need. However, it has some definite drawbacks:

• Very expensive for a license: many thousands of dollars.
• Steep learning curve. Can be learned without a degree in geography or "GIS", but it's takes time, more time than most people have. 
• Ultimately, the drawback with ESRI ends up being that only a handful of people are able to do the brunt of the geospatial work, and geospatial data is not served as well internally and externally as it could be.

Google Earth Builder
In contrast to ESRI/ArcGIS, Google Earth Builder appears easy enough that anybody can use it. Keep in mind that I only know what I know from webinars/presentations since it won't be released until the fall, but Google really wants to emphasize that it's easy to use, but offers more functionality than its existing geospatial products. Cloud storage is a big aspect of it. Google also wants to emphasize that this is targeting toward government organizations (hey, that's us!). And, by the way, there's a lot of interest in it, with 1200 people attending a webinar I was in a few weeks back. Some tidbits:

• User interface will be a lot like pre-existing Google products such as Gmail, Google Docs, and Google Maps (a natural fit for the NWS since we are going to Google Apps later this year).
• Because it's so Google oriented, it has a natural familiarity to both internal and external users. After all, who hasn't used Google maps? See screenshots at bottom.
• Cloud data storage. Because the data is on the cloud, there's no cost for individual people to store the data, little or no duplication of storage (such as the same dataset being on 100 different workstations in an organization), and there's easy access to the data for different levels of users. 
• Because GE Builder is browser/cloud based, nothing needs to be installed on your computer (unlike with ESRI/ArcGIS). Log into GE Builder and work from home!
• Many different levels of users/permissions, set from an easy user interface. Google likes to term it "account editors, map editors, map users". No limit to the number of people who have access to the GE Builder account! Sharing is much easier. The sharing works a lot like Google Docs.
• Although GE Builder doesn't have a single button to publish maps to the web, publishing to the web can still be automated pretty easily using APIs and such. But programming is generally not needed to use a vast majority of the GE Builder functionality.
• Dynamic styling of data. In other words, you can easily take the same dataset and show it different ways. (See the 2nd figure). Sure, Google Earth Pro has this functionality to a limited degree, but with GE Builder, this seems easier to do, yet with more styling/filtering capabilities. Although you can style data on the fly, obviously you can also save styles (stylesheets) for later use.
• A lot of behind-the-scenes work is supposed to be done for you, like projecting data, image tiling, and more. (Hopefully, it'll finally allow for easy display of data which crosses 180 longitude.) With a lot of this behind-the-scenes work, GE Builder is supposed to be fast with large datasets.
• Lots of analytics available.
• Supposed to be easy to import existing shapefiles from ArcGIS. Although obviously Google is aiming for a cut of the ESRI market, they are emphasizing that they want it to be compatible with ArcGIS. This is smart because obviously few organizations would purchase GE Builder if they had to abandon all the geospatial work they had already done.
• You still own the data, not Google.

The Data Management Interface. I love that thumbnails are available, so you don't waste time getting data that you know isn't what you're looking for. 

Dynamic Styling of your Geospatial Data

Links for More Information on Google Earth Builder
http://www.google.com/enterprise/earthmaps/builder.html
http://www.gearthblog.com/blog/archives/2011/04/more_about_the_google_earth_builder.html
https://www2.gotomeeting.com/register/523404994
http://www.spatiallyadjusted.com/2011/06/16/google-earth-builder-a-serious-geospatial-play-from-google/

Directional Intelligence

Let me describe how I perceive direction. (I've been told I'm not normal.) I nearly always know which way is north, almost as if by instinct. I think of everything in terms of N/S/E/W, even when indoors. For example, at work, when going to bathroom, I know I'm headed slightly south of west. If I ever do get disoriented, I freak out and search for landmarks which I may know. But I try to keep this from happening. A situation which is more difficult for me is riding the subway in an unfamiliar city. When I exit the subway and get onto street level, I have to stop for a minute and get my bearings. I feel humiliated, almost freaked out. I've also gotten lost in New Mexico when hiking as a kid in dense fog. But these are exceptions, as I frequently venture off the beaten path and rarely get lost. Just ask people who have hiked with me...I know where I'm going.

If I freak out on the rare occasion I lose sense of which way is north, how do people who never know which way is north get by in life? I honestly cannot grasp this. My mother-in-law is one of those people who gets lost in Anchorage despite having the obvious navigational aid of the Chugach Mountains in the east. If she takes a route even slightly different from the route she's used to, she is hopelessly lost and may need to call me for help. Meanwhile, I actively explore new routes around town to get somewhere, not afraid that I'll get lost. And when hiking and cross country skiing, I love venturing off-trail, knowing that if I get a little disoriented, I'll probably be okay (even if I don't have GPS with me).

I often wonder if directional intelligence is something inherited or learned. I know that I was reading maps and guiding my parents around places as early as toddlerhood, which perhaps would suggest that at least some of it is inherited. But I don't think it's totally inherited. Directional intelligence comes with reading maps and knowing an area's landmarks, geography, and which was is north/south/east/west before trying to navigate in the area. Do I have a magnetic compass in my head? I don't think so. If I was blindfolded and placed in a new location on a cloudy day without any previous knowledge of the area's geography, I would be lost too. I believe through frequently reading maps and applying the maps to the real world, you can obtain directional intelligence. And no, just listening to your car's audible GPS directions, doesn't count!

Backing into a Parking Space

In this blog post, I'm going to talk about an extremely important world issue...a matter of life and death...whether to back into or drive forward into a parking space. Sure, this is a seemingly trivial issue, but it is also quite polarizing. I admit it drives me a little bit bananas when I see a backed in car (I'm a forward parker). Probably I'm just jealous that the reverse parker has better parking skills than me. I admit, driving in reverse is not my specialty as it occupies less than 1% of my driving time. The one time I drive into a space in reverse is at the dump, and it absolutely terrifies me; I'm afraid I'm going to drive over the ledge where you dump your trash.

So the question arises, why do people back into parking spaces? It's not for ease. Although, when leaving, backing out of a parking space is more difficult than driving forward, backing in in the first place is way more difficult. In the unnatural reverse motion, when backing into a space, you're exiting an open area and going into a closed area. When leaving in reverse, you're exiting a closed area and entering an open area. If someone says overall it's easy to be a reverse parker, I don't buy it!

Another argument against backing into a parking space: society is habitually running late. When you're running late (which for most people is most of the time), why would you back into a space, wasting a precious 30 seconds? Maybe all reverse parkers are always running on time...I don't know. But I typically run on time and I'm not a reverse parker.

A reverse parker may give the safety argument. If you pull out of a parking space in reverse, you may hit a child or car you couldn't see. But couldn't you very easily scrape the car next to you when backing into the space in the first place? And when backing in, how do you keep yourself from pulling in too far and hitting something? This is not an easy task. And you could also hit a rogue child when backing into a space.

I think the most likely scenario is that the way we park depends not on any logical thought process, but on how our parents parked, and/or how we learned to park. We are more similar to our parents than many of us care to admit. For example, no matter how independent we think our thoughts may be, most of us have a similar political affiliation as our parents. Perhaps the way we park a car is no different.

New Girdwood Trail Map

I've been working on a new official Girdwood Trail Map for summer and winter, and am finally done! I did this map as part of my volunteer work with the Girdwood Trails Committee, which is part of Muni Parks and Rec. Below are the summer and winter maps. For a printable version of these maps with trail descriptions as well, see http://www.muni.org/Departments/parks/Documents/GWSummerTrlMap.pdf and http://www.muni.org/Departments/parks/Documents/GWWinterTrlMap.pdf

I did the map design and creation, although if it were only me, there are certain trails I would've added to the maps and certain ones I would've left off. It was certainly a team effort. Several of the more secret trails behind my house, for example, are not on this map. This is hopefully meant to be a map that a tourist could print (or pick up at a local store) and know where to hike (or cross country ski). The map also does not have all the Alyeska hiking/biking trails...only the major ones. Alyeska has a special map for the resort itself. BTW, note the new 5k nordic loop just north of the resort. This will open for the first time next winter, and is open for hiking this summer!

If you're in Girdwood and looking for a good hike, ask me for suggestions! My favorites for summer hiking (see summer map):

Easy

• Virgin Creek Falls/Upper Virgin Creek Trail: Very short hike to one of the most beautiful little falls you'll ever see, especially in early summer when the snowmelt is still feeding it, or after a heavy late summer rain. Be sure to also go just past the falls and off to the right to see a pretty little gorge...just don't fall in! Also, check out my geocache "Alaskan Treasure" if you're into that.
• Lower Virgin Creek Trail: Nice rainforest hike. Less crowded than the popular Winner Creek Trail. Heck, I've only seen someone else one it once! Can make a ~1.5 mile loop out of it by using a trail not on the map...ask me! Basically, take the Lower Virgin Creek Trail to where it Ts with another trail, and take this trail back, being sure to take the two right forks you'll see.
• Winner Creek Trail to Hand Tram: This hike gets tons of people, but for good reason. Not for those seeking solitude.

Moderate

• Upper Winner Creek Trail: Long ~8 one way/16 mile out and back on a well maintained trail (heading off this map) to a remote pass above treeline. Very gradual elevation gain, thus the moderate and not strenuous rating. Lush area, and be prepared for snow on the trail into early August. Great salmonberries in late summer/fall. Don't eat too much or you'll have too much of a tummy-ache on the way back! Probably don't want to do this hike if it's been really wet, as there are some stream crossings which I could see being difficult.
• Iditarod NHT to the Hand Tram: About a mile down from a new parking lot on Crow Creek Rd to the Hand Tram. Some elevation change, but it's a good trail and a lot shorter to get to the hand tram than from the hotel, along with fewer people.

Strenuous

• Max's Mountain: One of the best hikes in Alaska that nobody knows about (and not on this map). Start on the Upper Virgin Creek Trail, head left up the steep hill just after the falls, and then basically follow the ridgeline to treeline and to the top of Max's. Spectacular views all around and great blueberries in late summer at treeline. Trail is steep and somewhat indistinct, but it's hard to get lost and there are no exposed sections.
• North Face Trail: Fantastic (now that it's actually done) trail up the North Face of Alyeska Resort. Only somewhat strenuous (about 2,000' elevation change over two miles). In a few years, once this gains attention and gets in the guidebooks, this will be one of Alaska's premier hikes, probably rivaling Bird Ridge and possibly Flattop. Ride the tram down for free, or take an alternate route down, making a loop.

Reflections on the Tornado Outbreak, and How to Improve Warning Services

These views are my views personally, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Weather Service as a whole.


After one of the greatest tornado outbreaks in history, it is crucial to reflect back on what went right, what went wrong, and figure out how we can improve. The National Weather Service will do a thorough service assessment. Although it is too early to say anything conclusive about the NWS's performance in this outbreak, here are some of my thoughts in general (keeping in mind that I work in Alaska, and am not totally up to speed on NWS short-fuse thunderstorm warning services).

We need to focus more on social science, and less on meteorology. The weather conditions that lead to tornados or severe thunderstorms are no secret. Sure, there's room for improvement in meteorological research, such as understanding what exactly makes a regular mesocyclone evolve into an actual tornado. However, all this research is meaningless if the public does not take appropriate actions when severe storms/tornadoes are imminent.


One of the most concerning things to me is that people generally seek confirmation of a threat before taking action. For example, when a tornado warning is issued, people will generally call their friends, turn on the TV, check twitter or facebook, look out the window, or even wait to hear a tornado siren to confirm the threat. This diminishes the effectiveness of the warning and high lead time. In the recent outbreak, many people received this confirmation by watching TV. In particular, the Tuscaloosa/Birmingham tornado was broadcast live by local media. This was an "ideal" scenario: people got blatant confirmation of the threat and were more likely to seek shelter. This underlies the importance of the NWS having a strong relationship with local media, who generally have a better capability to relay the message and inspire people to take actions.

However, what if this "confirmation of the threat" cannot be obtained? Will people take action? This is where analysis of NWS products and services is important. One of the more notable changes in recent years is the addition of "tornado emergency" verbiage, distinguishing the most urgent scenarios from "tornado warnings".  While in certain situations "tornado emergency" can inspire people to take actions, this is not ideal, as it diminishes the importance of tornado warnings. Tornado warnings these days are generally issued for any decent mesocyclone in a storm, which often does not translate to a tornado. Radars are only useful to an extent in detecting if a tornado is on the ground because beams ascend with height as you get further away from a radar. Obviously, having tornado warnings for every mesocyclone can lead to complacency and "warning burnout" for the public, and they may not take appropriate action when the threat is really high. I don't have a great solution for this problem. I do believe that it is valuable for the public to know when there is rotation in a thunderstorm that could produce a tornado. However, in the marginal situations, I would argue that the threat from the thunderstorm itself (hail/straight-line winds/flooding) is just as high as the threat for a small tornado. How can we solve this? Maybe tone down the number of tornado warnings to the high end cases. And, in severe thunderstorms which have a mesocyclone which could produce a tornado, word it as such: "severe thunderstorm warning with a possible tornado", and make two polygons, one being an embedded polygon which will trigger the "possible tornado" wording. Any other ideas?

One other significant problem is that NWS "pathcasts/polygons" are not fully integrated into warning systems. Much larger areas are warned through siren activation/weather radio/etc than need to be. NWS polygons for tornado warnings are fairly precise. If only the people who are physically in these polygons were warned, this would cut down greatly on what the public perceives as false alarms. The technology is out there to accomplish this, but unfortunately is takes money. Here's an idea that I'm sure is being looked into. Many people carry around GPS-enabled smart phones, and this number will only increase, as will coverage. How about a text message alert if the person's smart phone is physically within the polygon? This would be something built into smart phones (ie little configuration required for the user), where the highest end alerts, such as tornado warnings and civil emergency messages, will appear on the smart phone if the phone is within the polygon.

Any other ideas out there on how to improve warning services and inspire people to take appropriate action? Or is there not a problem at all?

What's the Best Work Environment in NWS Offices?

What constitutes a productive environment at the office? Of course, everyone's different: some people work better while collaborating with others, while others work better alone. But also, work environments are different. In many "traditional" offices with mazes of cubicles, too many distractions and too many meetings can make it hard to get anything substantial accomplished. People cannot get into "deep concentration", when most work gets done. However, certain team environments, such as National Weather Service Forecast Offices, require distractions.

Making a weather forecast is not an individual effort, not even close. The best weather forecasts are created through true teamwork. I would even argue that the louder the forecast operations area, the better the forecast will be. This is particularly true especially when the weather's more active for a few reasons:

1. A forecast is made with tons of tiny bits of information.
2. A forecaster does not stay on one task for long, as generally there are many "forecast problems". For example, the forecaster spends five minutes contemplating freezing spray in Cook Inlet, 10 minutes on wind in Valdez, five minutes on temperatures in the Copper River Basin. Therefore, a forecaster is rarely in true "deep concentration" on one particular task. In fact, the interruption by another forecaster may even focus his efforts on something more important. For example, Zola says "Wow, Whittier just got a 65 mph wind gust." Todd, trying to decide if the high tomorrow in Sleetmute will be 25°F or 30°F, replies "Oh, I didn't realize that. I better make sure we have that covered and decide if it will continue!" The "distraction" actually helped Todd focus his effort on what was more important! This "helpful distractions" can also come from social media, such as a tweet of a tornado touching down in Wasilla.
3. Forecasts products and services must be collaborated, both internally and externally. How can you have things internally collaborated if you're not talking? For example, Todd is working on the TAF (aviation forecast) for Anchorage and is contemplating whether the Turnagain Arm wind will hit the Anchorage airport tomorrow and when. Todd asks Zola, who is working on the "grids", "Zola, what are you thinking tomorrow for the winds for Anchorage?" It would look awfully silly if Todd forecast calm winds tomorrow in the TAF, while Zola forecast 30 knot winds in the grids! 

If I were a manager of an office with a team environment like at a forecast office, what would I do?

1. I wouldn't allow listening to music with headphones. This makes it extremely difficult to collaborate with other team members. Ambient music, however, is okay, as it can even be a social lubricant.
2. I would place everyone within easy earshot of each other, and facing each other, to encourage collaboration.
3. Encourage use of social media, especially as it pertains to weather. So many offices (not NWS offices) totally ban facebook and twitter. What a loss of an opportunity for interaction with customers!
4. Donuts for everyone at the beginning of each shift! Seriously, though, there's nothing like food to make the work environment happier.

Any other thoughts out there? I'm sure there are some of you who disagree with this post, at least some of the points. After all, most NWS employees are introverts (heck, I am), and team interaction may even scare us. However, it's something our job requires, so we better learn how to work as a team!

Alaska National Weather Service is on Facebook!

The Alaska National Weather Service is now on Facebook!  Go "like" us! http://www.facebook.com/US.NationalWeatherService.Alaska.gov

A handful of National Weather Service entities are rolling out Facebook pages in a sort of "trial" period.  Hopefully, in a few months, Facebook pages will be rolled out at all local offices. It's about time we (the NWS) join Facebook.  

I firmly believe social media is not a fad. Will Facebook be around forever in its current form? Probably not.  But social media as a major form of communication is not going away. It's as revolutionary of a change in how we communicate as when the telephone was introduced.

I believe government transparency is extremely important; after all, who pays the salary of NWS employees?  Facebook not only increases this transparency, but provides more a of a two-way channel of information rather than the NWS just pushing everything out blindly.  

The NWS also stands to gain from this two-way communication. Public feedback is crucial to improving our services, developing better relationships with the public, and understanding how the weather impacts folks. In the past, there has been a general attitude of "take it or leave it" with NWS products, but I like the transition in the organization that I'm seeing. The NWS is realizing that the perfect forecast/warning means nothing if people don't take the appropriate actions.

Also, there is a huge potential to obtain real-time weather information through Facebook. With some of the NWS Facebook pages having a few thousand "likes" (and the potential for a lot more), that's a few thousand free "eyes and ears" out there who can submit weather reports. Many folks think that social media is a "time sink", but these real-time weather reports can save the NWS forecaster time because he/she doesn't have to take the extra time to actively call spotters. Can the quality of weather reports in Facebook be suspect?  Well sure, but so can the quality of all the data that the NWS uses.  NWS forecasters quality control data almost nonstop, and are experts in weeding out bogus data.

In summary, please "like" the National Weather Service Alaska or the office closest to you, and be part of this meteorological revolution!

Roofalanche Warning!

The average person who doesn't ski, or skis/boards/recreates only inbounds at ski resorts, doesn't need to know a whole lot about avalanche safety.  However, a glaring exception comes with roof avalanches, or "roofalanches".  These can strike anywhere that gets a fair amount of snow, and can injure or kill anyone hanging out near a structure.

Our conditions here in Girdwood are ripe now for roofalanches.  It has been very cold for very long, with about a two foot compacted snowload on the roof.  Our temperatures in December have averaged 10.7F below normal, and we've only been above freezing for a few hours, and that wasn't enough to shed the snowload.  

Roofalanches can occur in any conditions just like any avalanche, but are especially prone to happen when temperatures rise above freezing for the first time in a long time.  Not all roofs have enough of a slope to avalanche, but in Girdwood it snows so much that you need a sloped metal roof (or else you need to shovel it).  Our roof is metal and sloped, but not sloped enough to shed the snow after each storm, so we need the above freezing temperatures for it to shed.

Above freezing temperatures are on the way over the next few days, along with some rain.  Roofalanche warning!  Our worst roofalanches came our first winter here, the winter of '06-'07, when roughly 4-5 ft of snowpack roofalanched.  As the snow freefell about 10 ft off of the roof and onto the awning out back, it snapped some of the beams and we had to have the awning replaced, and with stronger beams this time.  That could be your bones snapping!  The whole house shakes when we get a roofalanche, probably about like during a 4.0 earthquake.  It freaks the animals out (and us too), and wakes me up from sleep every time.

Not only is there the risk of trauma from the freefalling snow, but you can easily be buried (just like in a real avalanche) and die.  An avalanche forecaster at the Chugach National Forest Avalanche Center, Jeff Nissman, was killed by a roofalanche just down the road in Portage back in 2004.  What can you do to protect yourself from roofalanches?  Basically, look upward at your surroundings when around a structure.  When we're under the threat of roofalanches, I don't walk near the side of the house.  It happens fast and you won't have time to avoid it!

Falling in Love with Cross Country Skiing

I've toyed around with cross country skiing in winters prior to this one, fitting in maybe 10 cross country days per winter and 40 downhill days.  But this winter, I've become addicted to cross country skiing, with 17 cross country days under my belt so far, compared to 8 downhill days.

Skis
My parents used to tell me that cross country skiing was a great idea, that supposedly it was peaceful skiing through the beautiful woods, but in reality, it was a terrifying and difficult experience.  I will certainly attest to it being terrifying at first (how do you stop?!).  I broke a pole my first time out!  However, this year I've begun using metal-edged cross country skis on the more difficult cross country trails and off-trail through the woods.  It's made a huge difference.  I still use the regular cross country skis on easier trails, or if conditions are too bad to go off-trail, but the new metal-edged skis eliminate the terror of tough hills.  The metal-edged skis are only a little heavier so you don't lose that much speed on flat ground, but you can turn or snowplow in them when going downhill, or even do "telemark" turns if you please (where you drop your knee to turn), though I haven't tried that yet.  They're also better in sidehill areas thanks to the metal edges.

I should mention that both my pairs of cross country skis are "classic" style rather than "skate" style, and waxless (ie low maintenance, so I get out more).  I've never tried skate style skiing, but it's much faster and more of a workout than classic style, not that classic style isn't a decent workout.  However, the big downside of skate skiing in my mind is that you're stuck on-trail.  I enjoy getting off-trail when I see something that catches my eye, and don't mind the slow pace to enjoy the scenery.  Plus, going slow I have less of a chance of startling a moose, or falling and further hurting my bad back.

Trails
The Anchorage area really does have some of best cross country skiing of any major city in the world.  There are endless places to ski and you never have to repeat routes day-after-day.  The main thoroughfares are the greenways, such as the Chester Creek Trail, Coastal Trail, and Campbell Creek Trail: great for super-long distance skis, but not necessarily my cup of tea.  Then there are tons of groomed trails within "parks" around the city, though these "parks" are really more like wilderness areas.  Endless exploring is available off-trail through the woods in these "parks".  So far this winter, the snowpack in Kincaid Park on the west side of the city isn't enough for off-trail exploring (~1 foot), but in East Anchorage in Far North Bicentennial Park and on the Hillside, the snowpack is deep enough (~2 feet).  In East Anchorage and on the Hillside, there are also many singletrack mountain bike trails which are also used for skiing.  I love these trails because they are really intimate...you just have to watch for the narrow curvy hills at times and not be ashamed to take off your skis if needed.

Another great thing about the Anchorage area is the abundance of multi-use trails.  I love sharing the trails with happy dogs and bikers.  I'd say the culture here is more dog friendly than most places, and off-leash dogs are generally not frowned upon even in the technically on-leash areas, as long as the dogs are fairly well behaved.  Plus, we need the dogs here to protect us from the moose and grizzlies!

Night cross country skiing is also popular around Anchorage.  There's an abundance of lit trails, but I have a great headlamp and prefer venturing off the lit trails at night for the solitude.  I am amazed at how few people use a headlamp to take advantage of the unlit trails.  I think it's because only a few of the headlamps on the market are bright enough.

I've been talking about "Anchorage", but there are tons of trails northeast of Anchorage toward Palmer/Wasilla that I have yet to be able to check out.  Girdwood (where I live) also has about 6-km of groomed trails, and a new 5-km loop coming in a month or so.  I have helped to groom these trails.  Unfortunately, skiing through the woods is kind of tough in Girdwood due to the thick canopy, so we need about a 4 ft snowpack for tree-skiing to be practical; we're only about halfway there.  Also, the frequent rain events in the winter makes the cross country skiing less reliable than colder/drier Anchorage.  We may get one of those rain events later this week.

Jenevra and Nimbo Skiing in Girdwood (last winter)

East Anchorage/Lower Hillside Skiing

Maps
Has all the talk of cross country skiing made you want to get out and hit the trails?  If so, you need a good map, as signage for trail names and travel direction is pretty poor.  Get the Anchorage Nordic Ski Club's map for $8 at their office at 203 W. 15th Ave (between A and C St.).  There are some maps on their website (http://www.anchoragenordicski.com/Trails/maps.htm), but they different and not as detailed as the official Anchorage Nordic Ski Club Map, which is waterproof by the way.  I used to always get lost before I got this map, and I am a map nerd.  Just keep in mind that there are other nice places to ski that are not on this map.  One of my favorite little-utilized areas is Ruth Arcand Park: lots of nice, ungroomed trails and paths.

Favorite Trails
I am still kind of in my infancy exploring Anchorage trails, but if I had to pick my favorite trail(s), it would be Spencer Loop on the Hillside for skate/classic, Lake Loop in Kincaid Park for classic-only, and East Anchorage east of Campbell Airstrip Rd for nice off-trail tree skiing.  The woods in this latter area are aesthetically pleasing and absolutely dreamy.  Toughest trail if you want a challenge: Lekisch Loop in Kincaid Park.

The Geospatial Revolution: Are You Ready?

With smartphones becoming part of the everyday life for a big portion of the population, geospatial technology is booming and becoming more mainstream.  Our smartphones can do all sorts of whiz-bang stuff that only handheld GPS units, or PNDs (personal navigation devices), could do before.  Your iPhone or Android shows where you are on the map, which way you're pointing the phone, and tells you how to get to your desired destination.  Not only that, but smartphones have a "geosocial" function that GPSs/PNDs can't do, like show where on the map all your friends and family are located (and describe step-by-step how to get to them).  But with this so-called "geospatial revolution", here are some words of caution.

Most smartphones do not have the accuracy of true GPS units.  At least not yet, anyway.  Smartphones generally rely on cell towers for navigation rather than satellites.  In areas of good 3G/4G coverage, they work reasonably well, though I've still observed a delay of 10 seconds even with a good "lock" when driving down a road.  That's enough to make you miss your turn if you're relying on voice navigation from your smartphone.  Things fall apart in "edge network" coverage (that includes where I live in Girdwood and even parts of Anchorage), where you're lucky to get your position within a mile.  And guess what happens when there's no cell phone coverage?  No location at all!  I really hope people aren't using their smartphones to navigate through the wilderness.  The results could be disastrous.  Handheld GPS units are the smarter choice because they rely on satellites rather than cell towers, though even they can have issues when it's cloudy or in areas of steep terrain.


Battery life.  The battery life of smartphones, frankly, sucks.  And the battery life is way worse when you're in navigation mode or one of your apps is using navigation in the background.  And if you're in the wilderness, you can't just recharge your smartphone at any time.  The battery life of handheld GPS units is a little better, but it's always smart to have spare batteries. And most importantly, have a paper map as a backup and know how to use it!  Smartphones simply must get much better battery life, and fast, to take advantage of the geospatial technology boom, or else consumers will be turned off all-together to the new technology.  Apple, Google, are you listening?

Getting down to the core of the issue, I worry that the whole rapid integration of technology into geography is not going to work nearly as well as it could because of the geographic ignorance of our society.  To illustrate this geographic ignorance, did you know that many people think that the satellite imagery in Google Earth is real-time?  I wish!  I fear people will blindly rely on their device's commands to tell them where to go, so much so that people will drive their vehicles off a cliff because their device told them to do it.  I also fear people will get lost more and more in the wilderness because of the "false comfort" that the device provides them, and their inability to truly "read the terrain".  Bottom line, people must have a basic core geographic knowledge and instinct to take advantage of new amazing technology.

Eliminating Sleep

I recently listened to a podcast talking about how science is trying to phase out sleep.  So far, science has been pretty unsuccessful.  The hosts of the podcast (and I imagine lots of you) think that trying to lessen the amount of sleep required is idiotic.  However, sleep itself hasn't been shown to have a lot of benefits, other than the fact that we function terribly without it.  As a popular broadcast meteorologist in Alabama says, "Sleep is for sissies".

There are a very small amount of people (<1%) who naturally need less sleep than the rest of us to be fully restored and energized.  What if science could use whatever this gene is and implement it in the rest of us?  Then there's people like me who need a freaking 10 hours of sleep to be restored.  What if I could get by perfectly well with just five hours of sleep per night?  How much more productive could I be?

I don't want to get into the science in this post, but rather explain what I see as potentially huge benefits to society getting by with less sleep.   I mainly want to point out that a society who needs less sleep would much more productive.  I would even venture to say that needing less sleep could solve most of society's problems, at least economic problems.  Not only could a 24/7 society result (of which I explained the benefits in a previous blog post), but each person could be infinitely more productive, perhaps working 60 or 80 hours a week instead of 40 hours and be paid the same amount, but still have the same amount of free time.  Now I know you all are laughing at this point and thinking how ridiculous and undesirable this sounds.  But look at it this way: don't you often feel like when you wake up in the morning, you just went to bed?  If we can get these restorative effects through some other means than sleep, what does it matter the method of this restoration?  Lessening or eliminating the amount of "traditional" sleep needed would be like discovering the fountain of youth.  Seriously.  

I know this all sounds crazy, and I have doubts that science could actually lessen the sleep needed with there not being serious side effects.  And there's the concept of dreams: do dreams make our brain "grow" more than being awake?  Are people who have many dreams smarter than those who don't?  Can this magic drug make you dream a lot during your two hours of sleep?  I am merely trying to get you thinking about how incredibly powerful a discovery it would be to phase out sleep, and that there are certainly benefits.  I predict this will become a real hot button and controversial issue 10 or 20 years down the line.